ZQIZN~ SLAVJaNSKIX' LESOV

ZQIZN~ SLAVJaNSKIX' LESOV

Iz-pod duba, duba, duba syrogo,

Iz-pod togo kameshka, iz-pod jahonta,

Vyhodila-vybegala mat' Volga-reka.

Bylina o Solov'e Budimirovicze.

Kogda-to v nezapamjatnye vremena, kogda arijskie plemena vyrvalis' iz Velikoj Stepi i obrushilis' na okruzhajusc'ij mir, czast' iz nih dvinulas' na zapad - v Evropu. Borodatye voiny na boevyh kolesnicah podczinili mestnyh zhitelej i so vremenem peremeshalis' s nimi, obrazovav novyj narod, potomkami kotorogo byli slavjane i germancy. Pozzhe, v I tysjaczeletii do nashej hry, iz Stepi prishli novye zavoevateli, narod vsadnikov, umevshih na polnom skaku streljat' iz luka - na vostoke ih zvali kimmerijcami, a na zapade - kel'tami. Kel'ty zanjali luczshie zemli Evropy, ottesniv odni iz soprotivljavshihsja plemen v Skandinaviju, a drugie - za Karpaty. Za Karpatami prostiralas' obshirnaja ravnina, pokrytaja beskrajnimi dremuczimi lesami; po ravnine na sever tekli mnogovodnye reki - Oder i Visla. Lesnaja strana ot Odera do verhovij Dnepra stala rodinoj novogo naroda - slavjan.

Slavjanskie lesa udivljali puteshestvennikov s Zapada, priezzhavshih za Vislu v te vremena, kogda flandrskie krest'jane uzhe vyrubili v svoej strane vse rosc'i, osushili vse bolota i otvoevyvali zemlju u morja. Oni s voshisc'eniem opisyvali zelenoe carstvo, napolnennoe peniem ptic i zhuzhzhaniem pczjol - roi pczjol viseli na kazhdom dereve, i iz kazhdogo dupla mozhno bylo zaczerpyvat' lozhkoj mjod. Pravda, zapadnym poslam ne nravilis' zdeshnie surovye zimy, kogda vsju stranu na mnogo mesjacev pokryval sneg, i ljudi otsizhivalis' v brevenczatyh poluzemljankah, s toskoj ozhidaja leta. V den' vesennego ravnodenstvija, 24 marta, vse vysypali iz propahshih dymom izb, kruzhili horovody i prazdnovali prihod vesny. Htot prazdnik nazyvalsja "Maslenica" - v czest' pobezhdajusc'ego solnca v htot den' pekli bliny s maslom, puskali s gory v reku gorjasc'ie koljosa i szhigali solomennoe czuczelo zimy. Odnovremenno prazdnovali probuzhdenie prirody i ejo carja, hozjaina lesov i svjasc'ennogo pokrovitelja slavjan - ego nastojasc'ee imja bylo zapresc'eno proiznosit' vsluh i ego pocztitel'no nazyvali "mjod vedajusc'ij" - medved'. Podlinnoe imja htogo svjasc'ennogo zverja sluczajno sohranilos' v slove "berloga", "logovo bera", - medvedja v dejstvitel'nosti zvali berom. V czest' nego ustraivali pljaski v medvezh'ih shkurah, "komoedicy" - u grekov, kotorye imeli so slavjanami obsc'ih predkov, medvezh'i pljaski nazyvalis' "komediej".

Vsled za prihodom vesny naczinalos' vremja seva. V lesah bylo mnogo zemli, no, cztoby rasczistit' dlja poseva nebol'shuju "podseku", nuzhno bylo ob*edinit' usilija vsego roda. Srublennye proshlym letom derev'ja podzhigali, a potom sejali zerno prjamo v tjopluju zolu mezhdu obgorevshih pnej - novaja "podseka" davala obil'nyj urozhaj i bez vspashki. Na sledujusc'ij god vse vmeste obrabatyvali zemlju motygami ili ljogkimi sohami, v kotorye ran'she vprjagalis' sami rodoviczi, a potom stali vprjagat' volov. Soha tol'ko slegka ryhlila zemlju mezhdu pnjami - htogo bylo dostatoczno; esc'jo czerez god podseka perestavala davat' urozhaj i ejo zabrasyvali, perehodja na novoe mesto. U slavjan bylo mnogo zemli, mnogo zerna i mjoda, im ne bylo nuzhdy srazhat'sja za pastbisc'a, kak srazhalis' germancy i skify; oni byli mirnym narodom i poklonjalis' mirnym zemledel'czeskim bogam - bogu plodorodija Jarile, bogu skota Velesu, bogu Solnca Dazhd'bogu. "Velikoj mater'ju" slavjan byla "mat'-syra-zemlja", Makosh', a boginej ljubvi i vesel'ja - Lada. Prazdnik Lady i Jarily spravljalsja tjoploj nocz'ju mezhdu dnjami samogo vysokogo solnca, 23-24 ijunja; v hristianskie vremena htu nocz' stali nazyvat' nocz'ju nakanune Ivana Kupaly - tak imenovali na Rusi svjatogo Ioanna Krestitelja. Po pover'jam v htu nocz' vystupali iz zemli vse skrytye v nej sokrovisc'a. V polnocz' rascvetal cvetok paporotnika - tot, komu posczastlivilos' dotronut'sja do nego, stanovilsja vsevedusc'im, videl vsjo, czto skryto v zemle, ponimal jazyk zverej i derev'ev. Rosa priobretala volshebnuju celitel'nuju silu, i devushki kupalis' v rose, cztoby stat' esc'jo krasivee. JUnoshi i devushki v venkah iz cvetov vodili horovody u kostra i, vzjavshis' za ruki, prygali czerez ogon' - esli oni ne razmykali ruk, to im suzhdeno bylo stat' suprugami. Potom t'ma sgusc'alas', i nastupalo vremja ljubovnyh igr i nocznyh kupanij v tjoplyh recznyh zavodjah.

Malen'kie neukrepljonnye dereven'ki slavjan raspolagalis' obyczno na beregah rek, v nih bylo s poldesjatka rubljonyh izb s solomennymi kryshami; na Rusi takaja rodovaja derevnja nazyvalas' pogostom ili verv'ju. Vse dela pogosta reshalis' na obsc'ej shodke rodoviczej, i zdes' zhe iz uvazhaemyh starcev vybirali rodovogo starejshinu. Odna derevnja mogla otstojat' ot drugoj na polsta kilometrov, zemli bylo mnogo, i slavjane nikogda ne voevali mezhdu soboj - no im czasto prihodilos' voevat' s sosedjami. Po juzhnoj okraine strany slavjan prohodila granica mezhdu dvumja czuzhdymi drug drugu mirami - mirom lesov i mirom stepej. V stepi postojanno bushevali vojny za pastbisc'a, tam poklonjalis' meczu i ispovedovali princip "ubej pervym". V lesah ne bylo pastbisc', i koczevniki ne hoteli selit'sja tam - no oni postojanno sovershali nabegi na derevni slavjan, raspolozhennye bliz stepnoj granicy, ubivali muzhczin i zabirali v polon zhensc'in. Pamjat' vekov pridala strashnoj koczevoj orde obraz ognedyshasc'ego mnogoglavogo zmeja, szhigajusc'ego derevni i pozhirajusc'ego ljudej:

Ta zmija besposc'adno pozhirala ljudej,

Ne minajuczi ni starogo, ni malogo,

Tam, gde vona z'javljalas',

Ljudi ginuli, jak trava pid nogami skotu

I jak proso na solnci.

Skazanija govorjat, czto slavjan spas bog ognja Svarog, brosivshij s neba kuznecznye klesc'i: htimi klesc'ami kuznecy Kuz'ma i Dem'jan uhvatili zmeja, zaprjagli v plug i propahali ogromnyj rov s valom - "azh do Dnepra". "I teper' pokazyvajut - "Zmeinyj val", tol'ko on uzhe ne tak vysok, kak ran'she..."

Srazhajas' so stepnjakami, slavjane uczilis' voevat' i poklonjat'sja bogam vojny - groznomu gromoverzhcu Perunu i krylatomu psu Simarglu. Vo vremena knjazja Vladimira na gore v Kieve stojal ogromnyj idol Peruna s serebrjanoj golovoj i zolotymi usami - i emu prinosili czeloveczeskie zhertvy, prosja pomosc'i pered srazheniem. Koneczno, nabegi koczevnikov prodolzhalis' i posle vozvedenija "Zmeinogo vala", i russkie legendy napolneny vospominanijami o bitvah so "Zmeem". So vremenem hti legendy vsjo bol'she slivalis' s real'nost'ju; ih gerojami stanovilis' istoriczeskie lica, knjaz'ja, bogatyri i stepnye hany, i skazka prevrasc'alas' v zhivuju istoriju:

Esc'jo bylo vo gorode Kieve,

SC'o u laskovogo knjazja u Vladimira,

Bylo na dvore tri bogatyrja,

Prozhivali vse u knjazja Vladimira,

Oberegateli byli krasnu Kievu...

S. A. Nefedov. Istorija srednih vekov.

Major Concepts of Slavic Religion

In relation to Mat Syra Zemlya

A dry stone represents, a goddess of water, a happy omen, a state of sleep, a stream of the dnieper, able to kill the snake, ancient river, areas the mother goddess in the form of a doll, as a year god, as attempts to imitate the voice of perun, as perun's sword, as the corn goddess, as the fire hidden in the eyes of god, as the thunder god, as to feed the world, as to heal the world, at the beginning of the spring, at the crack of dawn, attributes of the sun and perun are, away the devil

Baba yaga, back to life, banya, barley in the birth rituals, bath-house, bathed in the pure waters, bathing in the pure, be married to the celestial water maiden, beer or wine, before the final battle, bel goruch kamen, belbog, belonged to the svetovit, between the world of the dead and the world of the living, blessing them with children, blood or tears, born from the dry earth, brought to the bath, brought to the table, by the thunder god perun

Chernobog, come to see the child

Dazhdbog, dead water, decorated with flowers, demon, dips in ice-holes or river waters, drenched in water and, drink honey and beer, drunk the fluids of life from the celestial

Enters the womb of the mother earth, evil-warding powers

Father to all stones, fire in the bath-house, flask with live water, flowing river, forces of nature, forces of winter, from the seven springs or wells, from under the stone, from under the tree, from under the white stone

Gives the groom water, good phenomenon

Heals wounds, himself incapable of impregnating the earth, himself represents the sun, his adversary the dark, his eyes in the holy water collected, his turning into stone, his voice in thunder, holds the fire-stone, horse-drawn

Ilya is different, ilya the prophet, in birth rituals, in death rituals, in the centre of the universe, in the open field stands an oak tree, in the spring perun overpowers the snake, is a sin to strike the earth, is rubbed with honey, is the dispenser of the water of life

Killing the demon

Latir stone, lies the snake, lifts the heaviest swords, like the oak tree, live water

Made from straw, made in an earthen, made of straw, magical efforts to protect the world from the evil, mat sera zimlia, moist mother earth, mokosh, mother earth, mother in the form of a virgin

Near the springs

Oak tree, ognionoi kamen, on nature worship, on the eastern slavic people, on the graves of relatives, out of the clutches of the forces of darkness, outdoors in a grove

Palace in the east in a two-wheeled, pantheon of gods, paraskova pyanitsa, perun is in the image of a man with a wooden, perun is the god of the heavenly, perun is worshipped, perun releases the holy waters, perun remained the central god, placed in the water tub, places stones in the wombs of women, possess the power of resurrection, power to tell the future, pre-christian slavic religion, pure waters

Rain water, raisins in the death rituals, rejuvenates the old, related to the life-cycle, represents the cycle of life, resurrects the dead, returns to the earth, rod or svetobog, rod or svetovit

Sacred rains, separates the worlds of the dead and the living, seven judges, shooting of fire arrows, similar to a death mask, soaked in female waters, soaked in holy waters, soaked in the female waters, sprinkled with dead water, sprinkled with holy water, sprinkled with live water, standing in the field, steals the holy waters, strikes the enemy hard, sun-god, svetovit or belbog

The belbog, the bath-house, the beating of drums, the black god, the bride to be becomes, the burning of the birch tree symbolizes, the central god, the creation of the world, the cult of the dawn, the dead hero, the defeat of the demon, the eastern slavs, the forces of nature, the god of the seasons, the grave stone represents, the image of perun overlaps with that of the sun-god, the male fire, the moist mother earth, the mother earth goddess, the mother welcomes the groom with a bucketful of water, the other of dead water, the perun cult, the sacred winds, the slavic deity, the sun and fire, the sun and the moon, the sun as the eye of god perun, the sun god, the sun the fire-stone, the water of life, the white god or the god of heavenly, the woman in confinement, the world tree, the zaria goddess

Union with the mother earth

Virgin women, virgins in white dresses

Water as queen, water collected from the seven springs to drink, water represents perun's, with live water, with water and fire made, with water and stone, wooden idols, worshipping the corn